VGAs are available with continuously variable gains or, in simpler topologies, with gain in discrete steps. Discrete steps are preferable in measurement circuits or in applications that can tolerate ...

In the rapidly evolving landscape of embedded systems, the demand for precise, efficient and real-time control applications continues to surge. Microcontrollers (MCUs) continue to be a critical ...

Speed, torque, and horsepower are three inter-related parameters in motor control. The speed of a motor, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm), defines a motor's ability to spin at a rate per unit ...

Network analysis is a powerful and well-established method of characterizing and optimizing a control system. [1] Unfortunately, making a successful measurement can be difficult and frustrating ...

A personal computer (PC) sound card can be the basis for a readily available signal generator for testing electronic circuits. The usefulness of these signal generators is limited, however, because ...

The goal of controlling a system is to reach or retain stability. In control theory, stability is described with the Lyapunov stability criteria and mathematical models that set into relation the ...