Researchers at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have used atoms to decode digital signals encoded by phase modulation. The atoms, cesium in this case, are ‘Rydberg atoms’ – ...

The completed composite demodulator with wall wart. At the end of the pipe in every FM station operating in stereo — which probably is 99.5% of the over 7,000 FM outlets operating here in the United ...

Modulation is the act of translating some low-frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...