As technology nodes shrink to 90 nanometers and below, chips become much more difficult to manufacture. In-die process variations increase substantially at 90 nm — even more at 65 nm. If these effects ...

Variation is becoming a much bigger and more complex problem for chipmakers as they push to the next process nodes or into increasingly dense advanced packages, raising concerns about the ...

Variation is becoming more problematic as chips become increasingly heterogeneous and as they are used in new applications and different locations, sparking concerns about how to solve these issues ...