In TIRF microscopy, fluorescent molecules are in a sample in an aqueous environment that is near a solid with a high refractive index, usually a glass coverslip. At what is called the critical angle, ...

Interfacial and near-surface processes are critical components for physical as well as biological systems, yet our understanding of these processes is limited by the lack of simple and robust imaging ...

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an imaging technique that, in comparison to confocal microscopy, does not require a trade-off between resolution, speed, and photodamage.