When a design engineer considers the different harsh environmental conditions a product may encounter, vibration and shock may not immediately come to mind. However, vibration can be a major source of ...

It is a common belief that multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) or DC power supply circuits cause audible noise, but that’s not true. The noise is generated by the PCB, not by the components. The ...

What methods can be applied to verify PCB functionality and safety? Which are suitable for mass production and for prototypes? What parameters are checked in each test? How to check a PCB without ...

Test engineers have a variety of options for testing printed-circuit boards—ranging from in-circuit testers to the latest in embedded-instrument technology. Despite the decline of PCB physical access ...